![]() ![]() "Effects of Water Hardness on the Toxicity of Metals to Daphnia magna," a USEPA project status report. Turner, eds., IUPAC, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. "Interactions Between Trace Metals and Aquatic Organisms: A Critique of the Free-ion Activity Model," in Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, A. "Effects of Chloride, Calcium and Dissolved Organic Carbon on Silver Toxicity: Comparison Between Rainbow Trout and Fathead Minnows," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 56-62. "Effects of Altering Freshwater Chemistry on Physiological Responses of Rainbow Trout to Silver Exposure," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 49-55. "Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Copper to the Fathead Minnow in a Surface Water of Variable Quality," Water Research, 10: 37-43. Reassessment of Metals Criteria for Aquatic Life Protection: Priorities for Research and Implementation, Proceedings of the Pellston Workshop on Reassessment of Metals Criteria for Aquatic Life Protection, February 10-14, 1996, Pensacola, Florida, SETAC Press. "Copper Sensitivity of Gonyaulax tamarensis," Limnology and Oceanography, 23(2): 283-295. "The Importance of Trace Metal Speciation to Water Quality Criteria," Water Environment Research, 68:42-54. How has the BLM approach been applied in practice?Īdditional information on implementing EPA's national recommended copper criteria.What input parameters are needed to run the BLM?.How do the BLM-derived criteria compare to the hardness-based criteria?.Why is the BLM an improvement over EPA's old hardness-based copper criteria?.This introductory presentation provides an overview of the copper BLM and addresses commonly asked questions, such as: ![]() WQS Academy: Biotic Ligand Model and Copper Criteria (pdf) (241.09 KB, March 2016, 820Q16001).Input data for the BLM include: temperature, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, & K), major anions (SO 4 & Cl), alkalinity, and sulfide.ĮPA has developed this special interest module to provide the user with valuable information on the BLM. The BLM is a metal bioavailability model that uses receiving water body characteristics and monitoring data to develop site-specific water quality criteria. EPA's 2007 aquatic life freshwater quality criteria for copper is based on the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). ![]()
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